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Pasukan Elite : Delta Force

Nama resmi : 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1st SFOD-D)
Nama lain : Delta, Delta Force, Combat Application Group
Negara asal : Amerika Serikat
Tugas primer : kontra teroris, kontra insurgensi, operasi intervensi
Tugas sekunder : penyelamatan sandera, penyerbuan, mengeliminasi operasi rahasia pihak musuh
Pemrakarsa : Kol. Charles Beckwith
Pemodelan : Mengadopsi teknik-teknik pasukan elite Inggris SAS
Kesatuan : bagian dari JSOC (Joint Special Operations Command)
Unit :

• Team (4 personel) : unit terkecil terdiri dari spesialis HALO/HAHO, SCUBA, dan sisanya spesialis lain tergantung dari misi
• Troop (4-5 team) : ada dua troop yaitu short gun assault dan long gun sniper
• Squadron (2 troop) : ada tiga squadron

Markas : Fort Bragg, North Carolina, AS
Rekruitmen : calon anggota berasal dari kesatuan US Army Special Forces dan 75th Ranger Regiment dengan pangkat minimum Sergeant
Persenjataan : tergantung dari misi, umumnya :

• Senapan : CAR-15, M4, Ak-47, HK MP5 SD, HK 416
• Pistol : M1911
• Pelontar granat : M205
• Sniper : M14, M21, M25, SR-25, ChevyTac Intervention

Senapan Mesin

Senapan mesin (machine gun) dibuat pertama kali oleh Hiram Maxim tahun 1883 dan dipatenkan tahun 1885. Senaoan mesin ini digunakan dalam perang kolonial di Afrika Selatan dan perang Rusia-Jepang (1904-1905).

Setelah PD I, senapan mesin menjadi senjata peperangan di darat dan anti pesawat terbang. Senapan mesin yang banyak digunakan adalah buatan Maxim dan variannya. Selain itu ada Browning M1919 Gothkiss. Kemudian muncul senapan mesin berkaliber besar .50" atau 12.7 mm seperti Browning M2 dan DShK-12.7 (Rusia). Pada PD II tentara Jerman membuat senapan mesin massal yaitu MG42 lalu MG43. Senapan mesin ini berkaliber sedang, mudah dibawa, serta dapat menggunakan bipod atau tripod sehingga menjaadi tren setter bagi senapan-senapan mesin modern kaliber sedang seperti MAG, M60, PKM.

Senapan mesin kaliber sedang dan besar, sebagian besar memiliki laras yang dapat diganti. Sehingga memungkinkan laras dapat cepat diganti jika terlalu panas (mengakibatkan penurunan ketepatan dan penurunan umur laras). Sistem pungumpan peluru (feeding system) untuk senapan mesin kaliber besar biasanya menggunakan sabuk (belt) yang berisi 50-100 ronde peluru dan 100-250 amunisi untuk kaliber menengah. Sedangkan untuk kelas menengah dan kecil dapat menggunakan sabuk atau magazin / cartridge yang berisi 100-250 amunisi. Pada beberapa senapan mesin, sistem umpan dapat menggunakan sabuk atau magazin tanpa perlu modifikasi.

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Peluru Kendali (Missile)

Peluru kendali (rudal) atau Misil adalah proyektil atau peluru yang memiliki pendorong sendiri yang digunakan membawa senjata dan pengendali di bagian kepalanya. Rudal dikembangkan dari roket yang kemudian diberi kendali agar dapat lebih tepat mengenai sasaran.

Jenis Peluru Kendali Berdasarkan Tempat Peluncuran dan Sasaran

• Darat-ke-udara (Surface-to-Air, SAM)
• Udara-ke-Darat (Udara-to-Surface)
• Udara-ke-Udara (Air-to-Air)

Jenis Peluru Kendali Darat-ke-Udara / Udara-ke-Darat :

• Rudal balistik : rudal yang menempuh jalur balistik (hiperbola) pada saat diluncurkan. Rudal ini hanya diberi pendorong pada awal peluncuran setelah itu pendorong akan habis dan rudal bergerak jatuh bebas mengikuti jalur trayektori balistik (ilmu fisika).
  
• Rudal jelajah : rudal yang memiliki jangkauan yang jauh.
• Rudal anti kapal : rudal untuk menghancurkan sasaran di laut.
  
• Rudal anti tank : rudal untuk menghancurkan kendaraan lapis baja.
  

Jenis Peluru Kendali Udara-ke-Udara

• Rudal anti pesawat terbang : rudal untuk menghancurkan pesawat terbang dan helikopter.
  
• Rudal anti rudal : rudal utnuk menghancurkan rudal lawan.
  
• Rudal anti satelit : rudal untuk menghancurkan satelit.

Sistem Pemilihan Sasaran (Targeting System) pada rudal terdiri dari :

• Radiasi : target didapat berdasarkan emisi radiasi yang dipancarkan oleh sasaran seperti; infra merah (panas), gelombang radio, laser.
• Visual : menggunakan kamera TV baik tanpa infra merah maupun dengan infra merah.

Kaliber Senjata Api

Istilah kaliber pada senjata api adalah diameter lubang pada laras senjata api (bore). Satuan kaliber adalah inci atau seperseratus inci (Amerika) dan milimeter (Inggris). Kaliber juga dapat diukur dari diameter amunisi (peluru) yang digunakan. Pada angkatan laut, kaliber menunjukkan perbadingan rasio antara panjang laras senjata dengan diameter lubang larasnya.


Kaliber pada senjata api genggam

Penulisan kaliber biasanya menggunakan cal. di belakang angkanya. Misal senjata dengan kaliber 0.22 inci ditulis .22 cal atau disebut "kaliber dua dua". Sedangkan yang menggunakan sistem metrik ditulis : kaliber 88 mm. Selain itu pada sistem metrik dikenal juga penyebutan kaliber dengan tanda "x". Misalnya 7.62x51 NATO, menunjukkan bahwa diameter amunisinya 7.62 mm yang disimpan dalam magazin (casing/cartridge) yang panjangnya 51 mm, Sedangkan kata NATO menunjukkan bahwa amunisi tersebut menggunakan standar NATO.


Kaliber pada senjata api jenis shotgun

Kaliber pada shotgun disebut gauge yang menunjukkan; dalam 1 pound (0.4536 kg) ada berapa banyak bola peluru yang diameternya sama dengan lubang laras. Misalnya shotgun 12-gauge, berarti dalam 1 pound berisi 12 bola peluru yang diameternya sama dengan lubang laras. Semakin besar angkanya maka semakin kecil diameter lubang larasnya.


Kaliber pada senjata berat

Misalnya kaliber meriam pada kapal perang adalah 16"/50, ini berarti diameter lubang laras adalah 16 inci dan panjang laras adalah 800 inci (didapat dari 16x50). Bisa juga ditulis 16"/L50.

Penembak Runduk Paling Top pada PD II

Catatan : Angka tidak penuh (mungkin lebih) dikarenakan kekurangan data tahun 1945.

Jumlah Korban	Negara	Nama
702		Mihail Ilyich Surkov (4th rifle division)
534		Vasiliy Shalvovich Kvachantiradze (259th rifle regiment)
500+		Simo Hayha
~500 + 1 tank, 3 tracktors		Ivan Mihailovich Sidorenko (1122nd rifle regiment)
494		Nikolay Yakovlevich Ilyin (50th Guards rifle regiment)
487		Ivan Nikolayevich Kulbertinov (23rd separate ski brigade ; 7th Guards airbone regiment)
456 [inc. 14 snipers]		Vladimir Nikolayevich Pchelintsev (11th rifle brigade)
441		Pyotr Alexeyevich Goncharov (44th Guards rifle regiment)
437		Mihail Ivanovich Budenkov (59th Guards rifle regiment)	until September 1944; ~100 - by machinegun
429		Fyodor Matveyevich Ohlopkov (1243rd, 234th, 259th rifle regiments)
425		Fyodor Trofimovich Dyachenko (187th rifle regiment)
422 [inc. 70 snipers]		Vasiliy Ivanovich Golosov (81st Guards rifle regiment)	until July 1943
422 [inc. 12 snipers]		Stepan Vasilievich Petrenko (59th Guards rifle regiment)	the data of September 1944
418 [inc. 17 snipers]		Nikolay Ivanovich Galushkin (50th division)
417		Afanasiy Yemelianovich Gordienko (136th Guards rifle division)
397		Tuleugali Nasyrhanovich Abdybekov (8th Guards rifle regiment)
367 [inc. a general]		Semen Danilovich Nomokonov	sniper-only score
362 [inc. 20 snipers]		Ivan Petrovich Antonov (160th separate rifle company)
360		Gennadiy Iosifovich Velichko (1008th rifle regiment)	until July 1943
350 (inc. 45 during nights)		Ivan Kalashnikov
349		Abduhagi Idrisov (1232nd rifle regiment)
346 + 1 tank , 8 strongpoints		Philipp Yakovlevich Rubaho (393rd separate marine batalion)
345 + 22 MGs		Leonid Vladimirovich Butkevich (1331st rigle regiment)	until July 1943
345		Matthaus Hetzenauer (3rd Gebirgsjager Division)
340		Ivan Ivanovich Larkin (1183rd rifle regiment)
338		Ivan Pavlovich Gorelikov (29th Guards rifle regiment)	the data on 28.04.1943
331		Victor Ivanovich Medvedev (969th rifle regiment)
328 [inc. 18 snipers]		Ilya Leonovich Grigoriev (252th rifle regiment)
324 [inc. a general]		Yevgeniy Adrianovich Nikolaev (14th rile regiment NKVD)	from 1941 to 1942
320		Mihail Adamovich Ivasik (380th rifle regiment)
315		Leonid Yakovlevich Butkevich	until July 1943
313 [inc. 30+ snipers]		Zhambyl Yesheyevich Tulaev (580th rifle regiment)
309 [inc. 36 snipers]		Ludmila Mihaylovna Pavlichenko (54th rifle regiment)	female
307		Alexander Pavlovich Lebedev (1287th rifle regiment)	until June 1943
307		Vasiliy Alexandrovich Titov (301st separate artillery division)
302		Ivan Timofeyevich Dobrik (14th rifle regiment)
300		Moisey Timofeyevich Usik (547th rigle regiment)	until October 1943
~300		Nikolay Stepanovich Vedernikov (969th rifle regiment)	the data including machinegun score
~300		Maxim Semyonovich Bryksin (726th rifle regiment)
~300		Natalia V. Kovshova and Maria Polivanova (528th rifle regiment)	female team
298 [inc. 5 snipers] + 2 tanks by grenades		Ivan Filippovich Abdulov (849th rifle regiment)
280		Ivan Ostafeychuk (397th rifle division)
279 + 1 captive		Yakov Mihaylovich Smetnyov (210th rifle regiment)
279		Vitaliy Mefodievich Bezgolosov (227th rifle regiment)
270 + 1 plane		Tsyrendashi Dorgiev (202nd rifle division)
265		Anatoliy Ivanovich Chehov (39th Guards rifle regiment)
261		Mihail Stepanovich Sohin (44th Guards rifle regiment)
261		Pavel Shoretz
257		Sepp Allerberger
250 + 1 plane		Fyodor Kuzmich Chegodaev (595th rifle regiment)	until May 1942
248 + 5 captives		Ivan Ivanovich Bocharov (481st rifle regiment)	until March 1944
247		Nikolay V. Palmin (234th rifle division)
245		Mihail Ignatievich Belousov (1179th rifle regiment)	until June 1943
242 [inc. 11 snipers]		Vasiliy Grigorievich Zaytsev (1047th rifle regiment)
242		Liba Rugova	female
240		Yegor Konstantinovich Petrov	not including machinegun score
240		Grigoriy Simanchuk (72nd rifle division)
239		Ibragim Suleymenov (8th Guards rifle division)	on summer 1943
236		Maxim Alexandrovich Passar (117th rifle regiment)
234		Govoruhin (296th rifle regiment)
226		Kalimulla Zeinutdinov (417th rifle division)
226		David Teboevich Doyev (1133rd rifle regiment)
225 [inc. 23 snipers]		Pyotr Ivanovich Golichenkov (1st rifle divisio NKVD)	not including machinegun score
223		Mihail Yakovlevich Mironov (92nd rifle regiment)
220		Nikolay V. Nikitin
218		N.F. Semyonov (169th rifle regiment)	the data of June 1943
217		Ivan Grigorievich Naymushin (375th rifle division)
209		Bruno Sutkus (68th infantry division)
207		Vahit Gazizovich Galimov (100th Guards rifle regiment)
204		Ahat Ahmetyanov
203		Elkin	the data of 1942-1943
200+ ; and 2 tanks by ATR		Noj Petrovich Adamia (7th marine brigade)	including 50+ by MG
200+ ; and 1 strongpoint by grenades		Vasiliy Ivanovich Talalayev (12th Guards cavalry regiment)
200+		Fahretdin Atnagulov
200+		Friedrich Pein (12th company Gebirgsjagerregiment 143, 2nd company Jagerregiment 227)
200		Vasiliy Mihaylovich Komaritzkiy (1183rd rifle regiment)	the data on December 1942
200		Nikifor Samsonovich Afanasiev (250th Guards rifle regiment)	until March 1944
~200 + 1 plane		Vasiliy Timofeyevich Kurka (726th rifle regiment)	teenager boy
~200		Vladimir Nikiforovich Krasnov
~200		Nikolay Terentievich Tkachyov (21st Guards rifle division)
194 ; and 2 tanks by grenades and 3 halftracks		Anatoliy Vladimirovich Kozlyonkov (483rd Guards rifle regiment)
193		Dorgi Uhinov
192		M. Amayev
187		Mamed Ali Abbasov (69th marine brigade)	the data on the end of 1943
182 ; and 1 tank by grenades		Gavriil Nikiforovich Handogin (922nd, 674th rifle regiments)
181		Stepan Petrovich Denisenko (336th rifle division)
180		Gefreiter Meyer
177		Zagid Kalievich Rahmatullin (14th rifle division NKVD)
170		Ivan Brezgin
170		Zahar Kilya
170		Guriy Borisov (234th rifle division)
170		Studentov	the data of November 1942
168		Nikolay Gorbatenko
165		Duysenbay Shinibekov
162		Nikolay Samsonov	the data of 1942
162		Nikolay Petrovich Lepskiy
156		Proshagin
156		Vasiliy Ratayev
156		Timofey Gerasimovich Bondarenko	until June 1944
155		Alexander Andreyevich Kalinin (201st separate recon company)	until December 1941
155		Yekaterina Zhdanova	female
154		Dmitriy Iosifovich Chechikov (34th rifle division)	until April 1942
150+		Alexey Abdurahmanovich Kurbanov (282nd Guards rifle regiment)	the data of 1943
150 and 1 tank		Janis Voldemarovich Vilhelms (201st rifle division)	including machinegun score
150		Pyotr Nikolayevich Sofronov (801st rifle regiment)
148		Ivan Vasilievich Vazhyorkin (30th rifle regiment)	the data of 1943
147		Pyotr Alexeyevich Belyakov
144		Ivan Romanovich Izegov (60th rifle regiment)	at June 1942
143		Inna Semyonovna Mudretsova	female
141		Alexey Ivanovich Trusov
138		Mihail G. Gannochka
137		Nikolay N. Ostudin (296th rifle regiment)
134		Ivan Dmitrievich Vezhlivtsev (1st rifle division)	the data of February 1942
131		Pavel Erastovich Chhediany (1080th rifle regiment)
130		Grigoriy Semyonovich Gaponov (453rd rifle regiment)	until December 1944
130		Said Davydovich Aliyev (10th Guards rifle division)
130		Vladimir Dmitrienko
129		Alexey Afanasievich Mironov	until May 1943
128		Ashirali Osmanaliev (8th Guards rifle division)
127		Georgiy Vyuzhin (143rd rifle regiment)
127		V.I. Osipov
126		Said Davydovich Aliyev (35th Guards rifle regiment)	until June 1942
126		Nikolay M. Voznov	until October 1942
125 ; and 10 captives		Mihey Mitrofanovich Minchenkov (184th rifle division)
125		Fyodor Uhov	until June 1942
125		Tatiana Ignatovna Kostyrina (691st rigle regiment)	female
125		Feodosiy Artyomovich Smolyachkov (14th separate motorized recon company)
125		Sh. Zhambora (10th Guards rifle division)
125		Nikolay Zalesskih
124		Ivan Timofeyevich Seliverstov (128th rifle division)
120		Ole Dir
119		Leonid Vasilievich Ivanov
117		Stepan Petrovich Loskutov (857th rifle regiment)	the data of July 1942
116		Janis Roze (130th rifle coprps)
116		Georgiy Konstantinovich Fyodorov
116		Grebenyuk	the data of 1942-1943
114		Opara	the data of 1942-1943
112		Karasyov	the data of 1942-1943
109		Grunin	the data of 1942-1943
108		Voytenko	the data of 1942-1943
107		N.P. Petrova	female
102		Dmitriy Alexeyevich Gulyayev (1289th and 1106th rifle regiments)	the data of December 1942
101		Ahmet Zhumagulov (8th Guards rifle division)	on summer 1943
100+		Smirnov (296th rifle regiment)
100+		Popov (296th rifle regiment)
100+		Kanischin (296th rifle regiment)
100+		Saltykov (296th rifle regiment)
100+		Vdovichenko (296th rifle regiment)
100+		Harlamov (296th rifle regiment)
100+		Roza Shanina	female
100+		Galim Koyshibayev (1280 rifle regiment)	including close combats
~100		Fyodor Alexeyevich Harchenko (13th rifle regiment)
~100		Husen Andruhaev
		Ivan Petrovich Merkulov (610th rifle division)
		P.P. Chernomaz
		N.A. Vakser
		V.S. Bednyagin
98		Yegor Ivanovich Dergilev (605th rifle regiment)
~90		Aliya K. Moldagulova (54th separate rifle brigade)	female, including close combats
89		Nina Lobkovskaya	female
86		Fyodor Ivanovich Krivokon	inc. 14 Japanese
81		Tatiana Chernova	female
78		Pavel Yegorovich Shikunov (515th rifle regiment)
78		Lidiya Bakieva	female
77		Nikolay Vasilievich Prohorov
76		Lidiya Gudovantseva	female
75		Ivan Ivanovich Bogatyr (456th rifle regiment)
75		Maria I Morozova	female
73		Alexander Vasilievich Ivkov (629th rifle regiment)
70		I.M. Mamedov
65		Yegor Ivanovich Myreyev
64		Helmut Wirnsberger
63		Alexandra Shlyahova	female
60+ [inc many snipers] ; + 1 tank by ATR		Vasiliy Yefimovich Pospelov (16th NKVD regiment)
60+		Galina Rivkina	female
~60 and 16 captives ; and 3 tanks		Dmitriy Grigorievich Sergienkov (166th Guards rifle regiment)
57		P. Gryaznov
50+		Nikolay Sanin (21st Guards rifle division)
50+		I. Pronkin (123rd rifle division)
50+		Konstantin P. Kizirov (25th border regiment)
50+		Yegor Fedchenkov (473rd rifle regiment)